Common kernel-related tasks. To get the Debian kernel source at the current maximum. It takes either a tarball and optional patch from kernel.org. This article aims at updating Debian kernel, the Debian way, which means less manual work, less risk yet with perfection. We will also be updating Ubuntu Kernal. Jump to: navigation, search. Alternate Method to Download and Patch the Kernel. It may also be easier to just. HowToUpgradeKernel; Search: Wiki / Login. DebianKernel - the Debian Kernel Team's page. This site is operated by the Linux Kernel Organization, Inc., a 501(c)3 nonprofit corporation, with support from the following sponsors.RT PREEMPT HOWTO - RTwiki. Intro. Authors Luotao Fu (l. AT pengutronix DOT de), Pengutronix e. K., Kernel Development Group Robert Schwebel (r. AT pengutronix DOT de), Pengutronix e. K., Kernel Development Group. Abstract. This document describes the procedure of installing and using the Realtime Preemption patch for the Linux kernel and discusses the first steps towards writing hard realtime programs. It focuses on x. 86, as this is currently the most mature architecture. About the RT- Preempt Patch. The standard Linux kernel only meets soft real- time requirements: it provides basic POSIX operations for userspace time. With Ingo Molnar's Realtime Preemption patch (referenced to as RT- Preempt in this document) and Thomas Gleixner's generic clock event layer with high resolution support, the kernel gains hard realtime capabilities. The RT- Preempt patch has raised quite some interest throughout the industry. Its clean design and consequent aim towards mainline. As the patch becomes more and more usable and significant parts are leaking into the Linux kernel, we see the urgent need for more. This paper tries to fill this gap and provide a condensed overview about the RT- Preempt kernel and its usage. The RT- Preempt patch converts Linux into a fully preemptible kernel. The magic is done with: Making in- kernel locking- primitives (using spinlocks) preemptible though reimplementation with rtmutexes. Critical sections protected by i. The creation of non- preemptible sections (in kernel) is still possible with raw. For more information on priority inversion and priority inheritance please consult Introduction to Priority Inversion. Converting interrupt handlers into preemptible kernel threads: The RT- Preempt patch treats soft interrupt handlers in kernel thread context, which is represented by a task. However it is also possible to register an IRQ in kernel context. Use your favorite kernel. If unsure, http: //kernel. To make sure that the patch runs smoothly later, you should better get a major kernel version without extra patches, i. Make sure that the RT- Preempt version fits the kernel version you intend to use (patch- 2. If you are looking for patches for older kernel versions, try http: //www. Getting the Sources. Patching the Kernel. After downloading, unpack the kernel tarball and change into the kernel source directory. Patch the kernel with patch level p. Figure 2. Patching the Sources. If you intend to keep pace with the development, a patch management system like quilt might be recommended. Alternate Method to Download and Patch the Kernel It may also be easier to just use Ketchup. Configuration and Compilation If you are unfamiliar with the procedure of building a custom linux kernel from the source, you might want to consult some related. Kernel Rebuild Guide, before you continue reading this document Before you can compile your freshly patched kernel you will have to configure it first. If you already have a . The following screen shot shows the main configuration menu for a x. However. you should make sure that you have. CONFIG. Right now the option is only supported on x. Power. PC and ARM Support are however in queue.). Power Management Options like ACPI or APM (not all ACPI functions are . Thus it's better to simply disable them all if you don't need them. APM, however, is a no- go.) NOTE: Since rt patch 2. ACPI option to activate high resolution timer. Since the TSC timer on PC platforms, as used in the previous versions, are now marked as unsuitable for hrt mode due to many lacks of functionalities and reliabilities, you will need i. E. If you have an old pc, which lacks ACPI support, you might have problems using the high resolution timer. Further interesting options can be found under the . Keep in mind that the debug options may either increase the kernel size or cause higher latencies. If you do not want to debug the kernel or get some automatically produced histograms, make sure that you don't activate any unnecessary options here. If you have activated any latency critical options the kernel will warn at boot time. After configuration, the kernel can be compiled and installed as usual. Don't forget to create boot entries for your new kernel in the config file of your boot manager and re- run it (if you are using lilo). It is also recommended that you add . This can easily be done with Figure 6. Kernel Version String. Linux krachkiste 2. PREEMPT Thu Oct 0. CEST 2. 00. 6 i. 68. GNU/Linux. The patch appends its own revision number - rt* to the Kernel version string. So if you haven't changed the kernel version string manually while doing the configuration, you will notice the - rt** appended to the kernel version after booting up the right kernel as shown above. To assure that you have the correct kernel up and running, you can also check the dmesg output for following strings: Real- Time Preemption Support (C) 2. Ingo Molnar. Now have a look at the process list. As mentioned earlier in this document. The IRQ handlers are treated by a patched kernel in kernel thread context. Single IRQ Handlers are transparently represented by task structs like users space tasks. Thus they can be listed or controlled by userspace tools. The following figure shows partly a list of running processes on a system with a patched kernel. Note that, in contrast to a non- RT kernel, the interrupt handlers are kernel threads here, so they are listed . Checking for Kernel Threads in the Process List. PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND. The format of the interrupts proc entry under a patched kernel is slightly different than the one from a vanilla kernel, as shown in the following figure: Figure 8. Checking /proc/interrupts (version earlier than 2. XT- PIC . In our example we have IRQ0, IRQ2 and IRQ7 marked as hard IRQs, which are handled in kernel context. IRQ0 (timer) and IRQ2 (cascade controller) are set as hard IRQ by system by default. IRQ7 (lpptest) is used for benchmarking interrupt latency time. The lpptest comes with the realtime preemption patch. To mark an irq as hard irq, you will have to manipulate the irq description manually. With the irq status marked as IRQ. Since a such irq handler is unpreemptable, it's absolutely not recommended to mark an irq as hard irq manually while developing your own kernel modules. NOTICE: Since patch version 2. With a recent version of preempt- rt patch the /proc/interrupt interface may look like this. Checking /proc/interrupts (version later or equal to 2. IO- APIC- edge timer. IO- APIC- edge i. IO- APIC- edge serial. IO- APIC- fasteoi acpi. IO- APIC- edge i. IO- APIC- edge ide. IO- APIC- fasteoi eth. You can change the priority of a kernel thread like i. E. With this tool you can change the internal scheduling policy and priority of processes. Figure 1. 0. Example of using chrt. PRIO $PID. With the second command you can get a view of the results of your changes. A Realtime . The main goal of the patch is, however, realizing a real time environment without changing the given programming APIs by a common linux environment. Still there are some important points while programming real time applications. Compile as follows: gcc - o test. This Tool acquires timer jitter by measuring accuracy of sleep and wake operations of highly prioritized realtime threads. The tool is designed to test different timer APIs. Thus you have to start it with proper parameters. Below in the screen shot is an example of using cyclictest. Benchmarking the Realtime Environment using Cyclictest. T: 0 ( 3. 13. 1) P: 8. I: 1. 00. 0 C: 1. Min: 8 Act: 1. Max: 6. 2. T: 1 ( 3. P: 7. 9 I: 1. 50. C: 9. 97. 99. 03 Min: 8 Act: 1. Max: 7. 5. T: 2 ( 3. P: 7. 8 I: 2. 00. C: 7. 93. 48. 87 Min: 9 Act: 2. Max: 8. 3. T: 3 ( 3. P: 7. 7 I: 2. 50. C: 6. 58. 79. 10 Min: 9 Act: 2. Max: 8. 1. T: 4 ( 3. P: 7. 6 I: 3. 00. C: 5. 48. 99. 25 Min: 9 Act: 2. Max: 8. 6. With the parameter used above cyclictest is started with 5 threads (- t. DO NOT USE - t 5), which has the highest priority of 8. Further you can determine the sleep period and the step range between the threads using - i and - d. In the output you can see (from left to right) the thread number, pid, priority, sleep interval, wakeup count, minimal jitter, recent jitter, maximal jitter. All results here are given in microseconds. You can obtain cyclictest from the Cyclictest Download Site. In the example given above the program runs in interactive mode. In case you want to log the measured results and plot it, you can use the trigger - v and pipe the stdout to a file. You can stop the application by hitting . A recommended tool is the Cache Calibrator. This tool produces heavy cache pollutions and causes thus high latency time while switching between applications. Together with a fping, which generates high interrupt load you can get reliably extreme load situations. To use these tests, you have to run a kernel, which is compiled with the test options enabled. You can find these options under the section . With the test option enabled you can measure latency time of waking up a task with high priority, entering and leaving a non- preemptible section or critical sections with irqs turned off can be measured and access the results, either as a single value or as a plottable histogram in the proc file system. To learn more about these mechanisms please consult the help pages of the single options while configuring the kernel. If you are experiencing problems with i. You can turn on the built- in function tracer (option . The tracer uses the profile generating function of the compiler gcc to register the most function calls in the running system. Thus it can log all calls made in system during a complete runpath. You can access the logged results in the proc file system. You can control the test and debugging mechanism like turning on/off during run time by accessing their proc file system entries. To find out how you can exactly do it please consult the help pages. A short example can, however be found in the source code of Cyclictest.
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For life sciences generally, see life science. Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or . In the late 2. 0th and early 2. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies. The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock. In many instances, it is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology including: Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are intimately entwined and heavily dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry. Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value- added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the pharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side- effects or safety concerns by using the products). Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and molecules. This can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise. Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best suited crops, having the highest yields, to produce enough food to support a growing population. As crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain, it was discovered that specific organisms and their by- products could effectively fertilize, restore nitrogen, and control pests. Throughout the history of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants . In brewing, malted grains (containing enzymes) convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process, carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol. Later other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food, such as soy sauce. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur's work in 1. Before the time of Charles Darwin's work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to that body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In 1. 91. 7, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum, to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I. In 1. 92. 8, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium. His work led to the purification of the antibiotic compound formed by the mold by Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley . In 1. 94. 0, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans. Cohen (Stanford) significantly advanced the new technology in 1. The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 1. United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically modifiedmicroorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Another factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U. S. By boosting farm productivity, biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met. Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons. A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology; for example: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, . An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1. Genentech developed synthetic humanized insulin by joining its gene with a plasmid vector inserted into the bacterium Escherichia coli. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of abattoir animals (cattle and/or pigs). The resulting genetically engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost. The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the Human Genome Project) has also dramatically improved our understanding of biology and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has increased as well. In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. As of 2. 01. 1 several hundred genetic tests were in use. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests. Between 1. 99. 6 and 2. GM crops had increased by a factor of 9. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding. These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles. GM livestock have also been experimentally developed, although as of November 2. It includes the practice of using cells such as micro- organisms, or components of cells like enzymes, to generate industrially useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and biofuels. Vallero and others have argued that the difference between beneficial biotechnology (e. There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety. While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing. Depending on the coexistence regulations incentives for cultivation of GM crops differ. Download Windows ALL IN ONE ACTIVATOR Name Windows Loader 4.9.7 - Activate Win 7, Server, Vista, XP. Windows Loader 4. Activate Win 7, Server, Vista, XP : : No. Na. Me. Windows Loader — ! No booting text from Vista Bios emulator - 100% faster to activate.
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